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Daycares and schools are more focused on food allergy awareness and prevention. But food allergies aren’t just for kids.
While many food allergies begin in childhood, you can develop one at any age. Half of food-allergic adults developed their allergies after they grew up. And when you find out that you’re suddenly allergic to something you’ve been eating your entire life, you have one question:
What can I eat?
Avoid the food, avoid the allergic reaction. That’s the simplest way to prevent your symptoms. The problem is, there’s nothing simple about it.
Many food products and meals contain ingredients you’d never expect — or they’re cross-contaminated by allergens in the production or cooking process. Navigating ingredient labels and menus is a chore. But you have to be diligent in your research and ask questions at restaurants to avoid your food allergy symptoms.
Fortunately, all products regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are required to list the major food allergens on their labels:
- Shellfish
- Tree nuts
- Peanuts
- Fish
- Wheat
- Milk
- Eggs
- Soy
There are more than 170 different foods that have been reported to cause an allergic reaction. These eight major allergens are responsible for 90 percent of food allergies. Pore over product packaging before you buy or eat anything. And study up on your allergen to find all the unexpected ways it can crop up in your diet.
Shellfish Allergy
The most common food allergen for adults is shellfish. Crustaceans like shrimp, lobster and crab cause the majority of reactions, and they’re usually more severe. Mollusks are another type of shellfish that includes clams, mussels, oysters and scallops. An allergy to one of these is rare. Most people who are allergic to crustaceans are not also allergic to mollusks, so food manufacturers aren’t required to include mollusks on food labels.
You probably want to avoid seafood and sushi restaurants entirely if you have a serious shellfish allergy. And if you’re a fan of Asian dishes, talk to someone at the restaurant before eating any Chinese, Thai, Japanese, Vietnamese or Korean food. Because of the probability of cross-contamination, your allergist might also recommend you avoid eating mollusks at restaurants.
What You Can Eat | What You Must Avoid |
|---|---|
| Kosher foods – Shellfish is not part of the diet so kosher-certified products are safe. | Barnacles Crab Crawfish Krill Lobster Prawns Shrimp |
Tree Nut Allergy
Tree nuts cover a wide variety of nuts, including snacking favorites like almonds, pistachios and cashews. Similar to shellfish allergies, when you’re allergic to one type of tree nut, there’s a good chance you’re allergic to another.
Peanuts are different — they don’t grow on trees. But they’re often manufactured and processed in the same facilities, so you have to be careful if you replace your tree nut products with peanut products. Many pastries, desserts and ice creams contain tree nuts, forcing you to steer clear of bakeries and ice cream parlors.
What You Can Eat | What You Must Avoid | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Peanuts Peanut butter Peanut oil Peanut products Coconut oil Coconut butter Sunflower butter Sunflower oil |
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Peanut Allergy
Schools, daycare centers and other kid-friendly places are often peanut-free. You lose that protection when you reach adulthood — even though 80 percent of people don’t outgrow their childhood peanut allergy. There’s a chance you’re also allergic to tree nuts, so you need to work with your allergist to determine if you need to avoid nuts of all kinds.
Peanuts are commonly used in African, Asian and Mexican cuisine. Take great care to avoid foods that contain or came in contact with peanuts in these dishes.
What You Can Eat | What You Must Avoid |
|---|---|
| Coconut butter Coconut milk Coconut oil Nut butters Nut extracts Nut milks Nut oils Sunflower butter Sunflower oil Tree nuts | Beer nuts Mixed nuts Peanut butter Peanut flour Peanut oil Peanuts |
Fish Allergy
Swimming creatures with fins and not shells are also common allergens. Salmon, tuna and halibut are the most likely culprits. Unlike the tree nut-peanut connection, fish allergies and shellfish allergies are not linked. Being allergic to fish does not increase your odds of being allergic to shellfish. It does make you more likely to have an allergy to another type of fish.
Seafood and sushi restaurants should be placed on your “Do Not Go” list. You should also be wary of supplements, which are not regulated by the FDA. Omega-3 comes from fish oil, and it’s commonly added to all kinds of products.
What You Can Eat | What You Must Avoid |
|---|---|
| Crab Lobster Shrimp Mussels Clams Oysters Scallops | Anchovies Caviar Fish flavoring Fish flour Fish oil Fish sauce Fish stock Freshwater fish Omega-3 Roe Saltwater fish Seafood flavoring Shark Sushi |
Wheat Allergy
A wheat allergy is what most people think of as a gluten allergy. Wheat allergies are more common in kids. Most children grow out of it by their third birthday.
People with celiac disease have a problem ingesting gluten from wheat, barley and rye, but not from other grains. If you have a wheat allergy, you do not always have to follow a gluten-free diet. You just have to avoid wheat. Wheat is the most commonly used grain in the U.S., which means you have to search for a lot of substitutes when selecting baked goods and processed products.
What You Can Eat | What You Must Avoid |
|---|---|
| Amaranth Barley Corn Oats Quinoa Rice Rye Tapioca | Bread Bread crumbs Bulgur Croutons Couscous Crackers Farro Flour Pasta Seitan Spelt Sprouted wheat Wheat and wheat gluten Wheat grass Whole wheat berries |
Milk Allergy
Often confused for lactose intolerance, a milk allergy is an actual immune response to milk and not a problem digesting the lactose in milk. It’s basically a dairy allergy — you’re allergic to all foods that contain cow’s milk.
Milk allergies are most common in infants. Children can outgrow it. But if they have seasonal allergies, asthma or one of the other common food allergies, it’s more likely to last into adulthood. If you still have a milk allergy as an adult, you have to follow a dairy-free diet and may have to avoid goat’s milk too.
What You Can Eat | What You Must Avoid |
|---|---|
| Almond milk Cashew milk Coconut milk Coconut butter Margarine Mayonnaise Non-dairy creamer Non-dairy yogurt Oat milk Rice milk Sorbet Soy milk Vegan food products | Butter Buttermilk Cheese Cream Custard Pudding Ranch dressing Sour cream Whey and whey protein Yogurt |
Egg Allergy
Egg allergies are second to only milk allergies in children but are extremely rare in adults. Most kids outgrow an egg allergy by the time they turn five. This allergy is specific to chicken eggs, but most people also have to avoid all bird eggs.
Eggs are found in a surprising number of products. Many kinds of ice creams, pasta and foamy coffee drinks have egg in them. You need to seek out egg-free alternatives.
Eggs are also a core ingredient in baked goods. The amount is usually minimal, though. So, if you have a mild allergy, you might be fine eating most baked goods with your allergist’s permission. You can always swap them out for different binding ingredients in your own baking if you need to.
What You Can Eat | What You Must Avoid |
|---|---|
| Vegan egg substitutes and food products | Egg whites Egg beaters Eggnog Mayonnaise Meringue |
Soy Allergy
Soy is another common childhood allergy. Soy allergies appear early on in babies and go away before kindergarten. Soybeans are a legume like peanuts, but the allergies aren’t related. Having a soy allergy does not make you any more likely to be allergic to peanuts, beans, peas or lentils.
While soybeans aren’t a staple of the American diet, they’re found in the vast majority of processed foods — much like wheat, milk and eggs. In many cases, a soy protein known as lecithin is used as a food additive and stabilizer. Most people can safely eat products with lecithin without experiencing a reaction. Read the label closely to know which soy ingredient is present.
What You Can Eat | What You Must Avoid |
|---|---|
| Vegetable-based meat alternatives Almond milk Coconut milk Cashew milk Cow’s milk Goat’s milk Rice milk | Asian cuisine Edamame Miso and miso soup Soy milk Soy sauce Soybeans Tempeh Tofu |
What you can substitute for eggs:
- Applesauce
- Arrowroot
- Aquafaba
- Baking soda + vinegar
- Buttermilk
- Chia Seeds
- Flaxseed
- Mashed banana
- Nut butters
- Silken or soft tofu
- Soy
- Yogurt
How do you know if you have a food allergy?
Get tested. It’s the only way to know for sure.
Even if you think you have symptoms of a food allergy, there’s a 50 percent chance you’re wrong. A 2019 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that while 10 percent of American adults have a food allergy, twice as many people thought they had one.
If it’s not an allergy, it could be a lesser sensitivity or intolerance. Your diet and dining out options wouldn’t need to be nearly as restrictive. Before you start altering your eating habits, consult an allergist for testing to figure out which foods you can carry on enjoying and which ones you actually need to avoid.
JenniferPetts , DO, FAAAAI
Jennifer Petts, DO joined The Iowa Clinic to be a part of an organization where she would be proud to work with other physicians that help provide the best care for her patients. A West Des Moines native, Dr. Petts completed her medical degree at Kansas City University of Medicine, and later did her residency and fellowship at The University of Iowa.
Dr. Petts chose allergy and immunology because of its constant evolving and changing nature and being able to improve her patients’ lives through the different treatment measures available. It is also close to her heart because of her sons’ asthma and peanut allergy.
Outside of work, Dr. Petts enjoys visiting multiple outdoor locations, where she can be found climbing, hiking, and canoeing with her family. She also has a pet slug, Tiger, who they found on one of their climbing trips. Dr. Petts volunteers her time with USA Climbing — Youth Series, where she organizes and runs climbing competitions for youth climbers from multiple states. If Dr. Petts was not a physician, she would have been a climbing or rafting guide.