What is Anal Cancer?
Anal cancer arises from the lining of the anal canal. Like most cancers, anal cancer develops when abnormal cells in the anus divide uncontrollably. This type of cancer arises from squamous cells or skin cells. Colorectal Surgeons have specific training and experience in the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of Anal Cancer.
Risks Factors of Anal Cancer
Patients at risk of anal cancer may have a history of:
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) – This viral infection is one of the leading causes of anal cancer
- Condyloma - sometimes called anal or genital warts
- Smoking
- Immunosuppressive medications
- Weakened immune system
- Older age
- Multiple sexual partners
- Anal Receptive Intercourse
Symptoms of Anal Cancer
Symptoms of anal cancer will vary between patients. Often, symptoms of anal cancer can be attributed to hemorrhoids. If you experience any of the following symptoms, speak with your doctor to discuss next steps. Symptoms may include:
- Change in bowel movements
- Pain around the anus
- Itching, discharge or bleeding from the anus
- A growth or mass in the anal canal
Diagnosing and Staging Anal Cancer
Diagnosis of anal cancer begins with physical examination. Your colorectal surgeon will perform external examination of the perianal skin, digital rectal exam, and anoscopy. Anoscopy is lighted inspection of the internal anal canal to evaluate for visible atypical cells or masses.
If necessary, a biopsy will be collected to confirm a diagnosis. This can most often be performed in the office with local anesthetic.
If the biopsy returns positive with a diagnosis of invasive cancer, your colorectal surgeon will arrange additional CT scans to complete your staging.
Treatment
Once a diagnosis has been made, a treatment plan will be customized to best suit the needs of your overall health. Appropriate treatment course depends upon the location of the tumor, size, involvement, and spread. Treatment options may include:
- Surgical Resection
- Chemotherapy and Radiation
Following treatment for anal cancer, your colorectal surgeon will continue to monitor your symptoms. This may include regular anorectal examinations and CT scans to provide early detection and treatment in the event of recurrence.