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Colonoscopy for Screening and Polyp Removal

 

What is a Colonoscopy?

Colonoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the inside of the colon, also known as the large intestine. It is designed to look for changes in the lining, such as swollen, irritated tissues, polyps, or cancer. It is typically performed by a gastroenterologist, a specialist in digestive system disorders. During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube called a colonoscope is inserted into the rectum and guided through the entire colon.

The colonoscope has a light and a camera at its tip, allowing the doctor to visualize the colon lining on a monitor. The procedure helps in diagnosing and treating various conditions, such as colorectal cancer, polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diverticulosis, diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding.

When Should I Get a Colonoscopy?

Colonoscopies are an important tool for detecting and preventing colorectal cancer, as they can identify and remove precancerous polyps before they become cancerous. The frequency of colonoscopy screenings depends on various factors, including your age, personal and family medical history, and the results of previous screenings.

The timing for when to get a colonoscopy depends on various factors, including your age, personal medical history, family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, and any symptoms or risk factors you may have. Here are some general guidelines for colonoscopy screening:

Average Risk Individuals

Starting at age 45, t is recommended to begin regular screening for colorectal cancer in average-risk individuals. The preferred screening method is a colonoscopy, which is typically repeated every 10 years if no polyps are found.

The colonoscope has a light and a camera at its tip, allowing the doctor to visualize the colon lining on a monitor. The procedure helps in diagnosing and treating various conditions, such as colorectal cancer, polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diverticulosis, diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Increased Risk Individuals

  • Family History: If you have a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) who has had colorectal cancer or advanced polyps, polyps greater than one centimeter in size or with advanced history, it is generally recommended to start screening earlier (usually around 10 years before the age at which the relative was diagnosed) or at age 40, whichever is earlier.
  • Personal History: If you have previously had colorectal cancer or advanced of polyps, your healthcare provider will recommend more frequent colonoscopies based on the specific characteristics of the polyps or cancer.
  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Individuals with a history of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease may need to undergo colonoscopies at earlier intervals, depending on the duration and extent of the disease.

Symptoms or Risk Factors

Common symptoms that patients may experience that may require a colonoscopy may include:

  • Persistent changes in bowel habits.
  • Diarrhea.
  • Rectal bleeding.
  • Unexplained weight loss.
  • Abdominal pain.

It's important to consult with your healthcare provider to determine the appropriate timing and frequency of colonoscopy screening based on your individual circumstances. They will consider your specific risk factors, medical history, and the guidelines from reputable sources such as the American Cancer Society or the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to provide personalized recommendations for colonoscopy screening.

How to Prepare for a Colonoscopy

Before a colonoscopy, you will be given instructions on how to prepare your colon by clearing it of any stool or debris. This may involve dietary restrictions and taking laxatives or other bowel-cleansing medications. It is crucial to follow these instructions carefully to ensure a clear view of the colon during the procedure.

What To Expect During a Colonoscopy

During the colonoscopy, you will be given sedation or anesthesia to help you relax and minimize discomfort. The doctor will gently advance the colonoscope through your colon, examining the lining and searching for any abnormalities or signs of disease. If any polyps are detected, they can be removed using specialized instruments passed through the colonoscope.

The procedure itself usually takes around 20 to 30 minutes, but the entire process, including preparation and recovery, can take several hours.

Results of a Colonoscopy

After the exam, it takes about an hour to begin to recover from the sedative and wake up. Plan on someone to take you home because it can take up to a day for the full effects of the sedative to wear off. Don't drive, make important decisions, or go back to work for the rest of the day.

You may experience some bloating or gas, but these symptoms typically subside quickly. It is normal to have some mild cramping or a feeling of needing to pass gas.

Risks from the Colonoscopy

Complications from a colonoscopy are rare but can include bleeding, infection, or a perforation (tear) in the colon. It's important to follow the post-procedure instructions provided by your doctor, including any dietary restrictions or medication recommendations.

Results of the Procedure

The results of a colonoscopy can vary depending on the findings during the procedure. Here are some possible outcomes and their implications:

  1. Normal colonoscopy: If the colonoscopy reveals no abnormalities, it is considered a normal result. This indicates that the lining of the colon appears healthy, without any polyps, tumors, inflammation, or other concerning features. In such cases, a follow-up colonoscopy is typically recommended after 10 years, depending on the individual's risk factors and age.
  2. Polyps: Polyps are abnormal growths that can develop in the colon. During a colonoscopy, if polyps are discovered, they are typically removed through techniques such as snaring or biopsy forceps. The polyps are then sent for pathological examination to determine their type (e.g., adenomatous, hyperplastic, serrated) and whether they are precancerous or benign. The presence of polyps may necessitate more frequent surveillance colonoscopies to monitor for any new polyp growth or the development of colon cancer, usually one, three, five or seven years. 
  3. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): A colonoscopy may reveal signs of inflammation in the colon, indicating conditions like ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Inflammatory changes, such as redness, ulcers, or bleeding, can be observed during the procedure. Further evaluation, including biopsies, may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment.
  4. Diverticulosis: Diverticula are small pouches that can form in the colon. Colonoscopy may detect the presence of these pouches, known as diverticulosis. While most cases of diverticulosis do not cause symptoms or complications, they can occasionally become inflamed or infected (diverticulitis). The healthcare provider may provide recommendations for managing diverticulosis based on the severity and symptoms, such as dietary modifications or the need for further evaluation or treatment.
  5. Abnormal findings: In some cases, a colonoscopy may reveal abnormal or suspicious findings, such as suspicious-looking lesions or areas of concern. Biopsies may be taken from these areas for pathological examination to determine if they are cancerous or require further investigation.

It's important to note that the interpretation and significance of colonoscopy results should be discussed with a qualified healthcare professional. They will review the findings, provide an accurate diagnosis, and recommend appropriate management or further testing based on the individual's specific situation and risk factors.

If you have concerns or questions about undergoing a colonoscopy, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional who can provide personalized advice based on your specific situation.

If you have any questions or would like to schedule an appointment with one of our Endoscopy Center specialists, please call 515.875.9115.