What is endometrial cancer?
Endometrial cancer, also known as uterine cancer, is a type of cancer that originates in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. It is one of the most common gynecological cancers and primarily affects postmenopausal women, although it can occur in younger women as well. Endometrial cancer is usually detected at an early stage and has a relatively good prognosis when diagnosed and treated promptly.
What are causes and risk factors of endometrial cancer?
Various factors can increase the risk of developing endometrial cancer. These include:
- Advanced age
- Obesity
- Hormonal imbalances (such as estrogen dominance or polycystic ovary syndrome)
- History of endometrial hyperplasia (abnormal thickening of the uterine lining)
- Never having been pregnant
- Early onset of menstruation or late onset of menopause
- Certain inherited genetic conditions (such as Lynch syndrome)
- Family history of endometrial or colorectal cancer
What are symptoms of endometrial cancer?
The most common symptom of endometrial cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly in postmenopausal women. This may include bleeding or spotting between periods, heavier or prolonged menstrual bleeding, or bleeding after menopause. Other symptoms may include pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, and an abnormal vaginal discharge.
How is endometrial cancer diagnosed and staged?
If endometrial cancer is suspected, various tests may be performed for diagnosis. These may include a pelvic examination, transvaginal ultrasound to assess the thickness of the endometrium, endometrial biopsy to collect tissue samples for examination, and dilation and curettage (D&C) to obtain a larger tissue sample from the uterus. These tests help determine the presence of cancer, its type, and the stage of the disease.
Staging is important to determine the extent of the cancer and guide treatment decisions. Endometrial cancer is typically staged based on the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system, which considers the size and depth of the tumor, lymph node involvement, and the presence of distant metastasis.
What are treatment options for endometrial cancer?
The treatment of endometrial cancer depends on the stage and grade of the cancer, the individual's overall health, and their preferences. The primary treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Surgery usually involves a total hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) and may include removal of nearby lymph nodes and the ovaries. Additional treatments may be recommended based on the stage and specific characteristics of the cancer.
What is the prognosis for endometrial cancer?
The prognosis for endometrial cancer varies depending on several factors, including the stage at diagnosis, the grade of the cancer (how abnormal the cancer cells appear under a microscope), and the individual's response to treatment. Generally, endometrial cancer has a favorable prognosis, particularly when diagnosed early.
Regular gynecological check-ups and awareness of potential symptoms are important in detecting endometrial cancer early. If you experience any unusual vaginal bleeding or other concerning symptoms, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional, such as a gynecologist or gynecologic oncologist. They can evaluate your condition, perform the necessary tests, and recommend appropriate treatment options based on your specific situation.