What is Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the fallopian tubes or ovaries. Ovaries are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and female hormones. Ovarian cancer is relatively rare but is the most deadly among gynecological cancers. It often goes undetected until it has spread to the pelvis and abdomen.
Types of Ovarian Cancer
There are different types of ovarian cancer, including;
- Epithelial tumors (arising from the cells on the surface of the ovary). This is the most common type of ovarian cancer about 85-90%
- Germ cell tumors (arising from the cells that produce eggs)
- Stromal tumors (arising from the structural cells that hold the ovary together and make progesterone and estrogen).
Risk Factors of Ovarian Cancer
Several factors may increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer. These include advancing age, a family history of ovarian or breast cancer (especially if it's associated with BRCA gene mutations), a personal history of breast, uterine, or colorectal cancer, certain inherited genetic mutations (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2), never having been pregnant, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use, endometriosis, and obesity.
Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is often referred to as the "silent killer" because it can be difficult to detect in its early stages. Common symptoms may include abdominal bloating or swelling, pelvic pain, difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, urinary symptoms (urgency or frequency), changes in bowel habits, unexplained weight loss or gain, fatigue, and back pain. It is important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so proper evaluation is necessary.
Diagnosing Ovarian Cancer
Diagnosis of ovarian cancer typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as transvaginal ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and blood tests, including the measurement of cancer markers such as CA-125. A definitive diagnosis is usually made through surgery.
Staging Ovarian Cancer
Staging is important to determine the extent of the cancer and guide treatment decisions. Ovarian cancer is typically staged based on the TNM system (T=size of the tumor, N= if the tumor has spread to lymph nodes, M= Metastasis, if the tumor has spread to other sites). Staging helps determine the appropriate treatment approach.
Treatment of Ovarian Cancer
Treatment options for ovarian cancer depend on various factors, including the stage and type of cancer, the individual's overall health, and their preferences.
The main treatment modalities include:
- Surgery- Most often the main treatment for ovarian cancer. Surgery typically involves removing the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and nearby lymph nodes.
- Chemotherapy- Chemotherapy is usually administered after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells.
- Hormone therapy- Used to help block actions of hormones that can cause the cancer to grow. Most often used to treat stromal tumors.
- Targeted therapy- Drugs/ or other substances used in specific cases where certain molecular targets are present. They are designed to attack cancer cells.
Prognosis
The prognosis for ovarian cancer depends on several factors, including the stage at diagnosis, the type and grade of the cancer, the individual's age and overall health, and their response to treatment. Ovarian cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages, which can make treatment more challenging. Early detection and treatment can improve the prognosis.
If you have concerns about ovarian cancer or any gynecological condition, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional, such as a gynecologist or gynecologic oncologist. They can provide a thorough evaluation, accurate diagnosis, and discuss the most appropriate treatment options based on your specific situation.
For any additional questions, please call our department at 515.875.9290.