What is uterine cancer?
Uterine cancer (also known as endometrial cancer) is a type of cancer that originates in the uterus, specifically in the lining of the uterus called the endometrium. It is the most common type of cancer of the female reproductive system. Uterine cancer primarily affects postmenopausal women, but it can also occur in younger women.
What causes of uterine cancer?
Several factors can increase the risk of developing uterine cancer. These include:
- Hormonal imbalances (such as an excess of estrogen relative to progesterone)
- Obesity
- Older age (most commonly diagnosed after menopause)
- A history of endometrial hyperplasia (abnormal thickening of the uterine lining)
- Never having been pregnant
- Early onset of menstruation or late onset of menopause
- Certain inherited genetic conditions (such as Lynch syndrome)
- Family history of uterine or colorectal cancer
What are symptoms of uterine cancer?
The most common symptom of uterine cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly in postmenopausal women. This may include irregular bleeding, spotting, or bleeding after menopause. Other symptoms may include pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, an abnormal vaginal discharge, or unexplained weight loss.
How is uterine cancer diagnosed and staged?
If uterine cancer is suspected, various tests may be performed. These may include a pelvic examination, transvaginal ultrasound to assess the thickness of the endometrium, endometrial biopsy to collect tissue samples for examination, and dilation and curettage (D&C) to obtain a larger tissue sample from the uterus. These tests help determine the presence of cancer, its type, and the stage of the disease.
Staging is important to determine the extent of the cancer and guide treatment decisions. Uterine cancer is typically staged based on the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system, which considers the size and depth of the tumor, lymph node involvement, and the presence of distant metastasis.
What are treatment options for uterine cancer?
The treatment of uterine cancer depends on several factors, including the stage and grade of the cancer, the individual's overall health, and their preferences. The primary treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Surgery usually involves a total hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), along with removal of the cervix and nearby lymph nodes. In some cases, radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy may be recommended after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells or treat advanced cases.
What is the prognosis for uterine cancer?
The prognosis for uterine cancer varies depending on several factors, including the stage at diagnosis, the grade of the cancer (how abnormal the cancer cells appear under a microscope), and the individual's response to treatment. Generally, uterine cancer has a favorable prognosis, particularly when diagnosed at an early stage.
Regular gynecological check-ups, awareness of potential symptoms, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are important for the early detection and prevention of uterine cancer. If you experience any unusual vaginal bleeding or other concerning symptoms, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional, such as a gynecologist or gynecologic oncologist. They can evaluate your condition, perform the necessary tests, and recommend appropriate treatment options based on your specific situation.