What are DMARDs?
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are a typical treatment option for someone suffering from a rheumatic condition. DMARDs may not work for all types of autoimmune diseases. The main goal of a DMARD is to ease pain and inflammation as well as slow the spread of the condition. If your doctor prescribes a DMARD it could be to help prevent joint damage or preserve your existing bone structure.
What are the different types of DMARDs?
There are several different types of DMARDs, each with its own mechanism of action and therapeutic targets:
Methotrexate
Methotrexate is a medication used to treat Rheumatoid arthritis as well as other segments of inflammatory arthritis. It will not only decrease pain and swelling but also decrease the odds that you experience any damage to your joints. Other conditions that methotrexate may be used for include:
- Juvenile arthritis
- Psoriasis
- Scleroderma
- Lupus
- Certain strains of cancer
Methotrexate side effects
Like with any other medication, methotrexate comes with possible side effects. Some of the more common side effects include:
- Dizziness
- Nausea and/or vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Rash, bruising or bleeding
Other possible side effects include GI tract issues, elevated liver function and an increased risk of infection. If it is determined that you have acquired an infection while on methotrexate, your provider will likely advise you to cease use of the medication. If any other side effects occur while on methotrexate, be sure to contact your provider to determine next steps.
Two things to be aware of while on methotrexate include sun exposure and alcohol consumption. It is advised to limit both in order to minimize the odds of side effects.
Leflunomide
The main goal of taking leflunomide is to ease inflammation as well as decrease your chances of extensive bone damage. This medication prevents cells from replicating in the immune system which will allow symptoms to slow down. Leflunomide is typically used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
Leflunomide side effects
Any of the following side effects and symptoms may be present when taking leflunomide:
- Nausea or vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Rash
- GI issues
- Increased blood pressure
Be sure to monitor for allergic reactions and infection when taking leflunomide. Be sure to contact a doctor if severe symptoms set in.
Hydroxychloroquine
The use of hydroxychloroquine has differed over the years such as using it to treat malaria. Now it is typically used as an anti-inflammatory and to prevent joint damage for autoimmune diseases. If you have any of the following conditions, you may be prescribed hydroxychloroquine:
- Lupus
- Acute rheumatoid arthritis
- Chronic rheumatoid arthritis
- Malaria
Hydroxychloroquine side effects
Compared to some DMARD options, hydroxychloroquine is typically associated with more minor side effects due to its tolerability. Side effects could include:
- Diarrhea
- Nausea and vomiting
- Muscle weakness
If you notice a rash, infection or changes in vision or heart rhythm, be sure to contact your provider.
Sulfasalazine
The main goal of sulfasalazine is to reduce inflammation in autoimmune conditions. It’s likely that this medication will be prescribed if NSAIDs aren’t working. Along with autoimmune conditions, sulfasalazine can also be used for GI disorders. You may be prescribed this medication if you have any of the following diseases:
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Ulcerative colitis
- Inflammatory bowel disease
Sulfasalazine side effects
Similar to hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine is a drug that is tolerated better than others. However, side effects are always possible. Keep an eye out for any of the following:
- Stomach discomfort
- Nausea or vomiting
- Headaches
- Skin that is sensitive to natural light
- Decreased sperm count while taking the medication
Azathioprine
Azathioprine is a DMARD that is used for a widespread list of conditions. The main goal of azathioprine is to help suppress your immune system to prevent flare ups. Any of the following conditions may be prescribed Azathioprine:
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Multiple sclerosis
- Lupus
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Ulcerative colitis
Azathioprine side effects
Side effects may not occur when taking azathioprine due to being a bearable medication. If you do start to experience side effects, it could be any of the following:
- Rash or allergic reaction
- Damage to organs (stomach, intestine, liver, etc.)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fatigue
If you are suffering from an autoimmune condition, call 515.875.9790 to schedule an appointment with our board-certified Rheumatologist to discuss your treatment options.