What is appendix cancer?
Appendix cancer, also known as appendiceal cancer, is a rare type of cancer that develops in the appendix, a small pouch-like organ located in the lower right abdomen. This type of cancer can be challenging to diagnose due to its rarity and nonspecific symptoms.
What are the types of appendix cancer?
Appendix cancer can be broadly categorized into the following types:
- Carcinoid tumors: These are the most common type of appendix cancer and usually grow slowly. Carcinoid tumors arise from neuroendocrine cells in the appendix and may produce hormones such as serotonin, leading to symptoms such as flushing, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
- Mucinous adenocarcinoma: The second most common type of appendix cancer. Mucinous adenocarcinoma arises from the glandular cells lining the appendix and is characterized by the production of mucin (a jelly-like substance). Mucinous adenocarcinoma may lead to the formation of mucinous ascites (accumulation of mucin in the abdomen), causing abdominal distention and discomfort.
- Non-mucinous adenocarcinoma: This less common type of appendix cancer also arises from the glandular cells of the appendix but does not produce mucin. It may present with symptoms similar to mucinous adenocarcinoma, including abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
What are symptoms of appendix cancer?
The symptoms of appendix cancer can vary depending on the type and stage of cancer but may include:
- Persistent or localized pain in the lower right abdomen, often worsening over time
- Bloating or distention of the abdomen
- Constipation, diarrhea, or changes in stool consistency
- Loss of appetite and unintentional weight loss
- Nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weakness
How is appendix cancer diagnosed?
Diagnosing appendix cancer can be challenging due to its rarity and nonspecific symptoms. The following diagnostic tests may be performed:
- Imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, or PET scan may be conducted to visualize the appendix and assess for signs of tumors or metastasis.
- Blood tests may be performed to check for tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or chromogranin A (CgA), although these markers may not always be elevated in appendix cancer.
- A tissue biopsy of the appendix may be performed to confirm the diagnosis of appendix cancer, usually through a minimally invasive procedure such as fine-needle aspiration biopsy or core needle biopsy.
What are treatment options for appendix cancer?
Treatment for appendix cancer depends on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, as well as the individual’s overall health and preferences. Treatment options may include:
- Surgical removal of the appendix and surrounding tissue, known as an appendectomy, is the primary treatment for localized appendix cancer. In some cases, additional surgery to remove nearby lymph nodes or affected organs may be necessary.
- Chemotherapy may be recommended before or after surgery to shrink the tumor, destroy cancer cells, or prevent the spread of cancer to other parts of the body.
- Radiation therapy may be used as a treatment option for appendix cancer, either alone or in combination with surgery and chemotherapy, to target and destroy cancer cells.