What is hyperparathyroidism?
Hyperparathyroidism develops by overactivity of the parathyroid glands, leading to excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). These glands are in the neck and play a vital role in regulating calcium levels in the body. When the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH, it can disrupt the balance of calcium and phosphorus, affecting various bodily functions.
What are hyperparathyroidism symptoms?
Hyperparathyroidism can manifest with a range of symptoms, although some individuals may not experience any noticeable signs initially.
Common symptoms include:
- Fatigue and weakness: Excessive levels of PTH can lead to fatigue and weakness, affecting daily activities.
- Bone pain or tenderness: High levels of PTH can cause calcium to be pulled from the bones, leading to bone pain or tenderness and an increased risk of fractures.
- Kidney stones: Elevated calcium levels in the blood can increase the risk of developing kidney stones, which may cause severe pain and discomfort.
- Digestive issues: Some individuals with hyperparathyroidism may experience symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, or abdominal pain.
- Cognitive changes: Excess calcium in the bloodstream can affect cognitive function, leading to symptoms like memory problems, confusion, or difficulty concentrating.
What causes hyperparathyroidism?
Hyperparathyroidism can be caused by various factors, including:
- Benign tumors (adenomas): Most cases of hyperparathyroidism are caused by benign tumors called parathyroid adenomas, which result in the overproduction of PTH.
- Hyperplasia: Hyperparathyroidism can also occur due to the enlargement or overactivity of multiple parathyroid glands, a condition known as parathyroid hyperplasia.
- Parathyroid cancer: Although rare, parathyroid cancer can cause hyperparathyroidism by producing excessive amounts of PTH.
Certain factors may put you at a higher risk for hyperparathyroidism such as:
- Radiation treatment of the neck
- Calcium or vitamin D deficiency
- Damage to the kidney or kidney disease
- Females are more likely to develop hyperthyroidism than males
How does hyperparathyroidism get diagnosed?
Oftentimes, hyperparathyroidism is discovered during routine tests by your primary care physician before symptoms occur.
To diagnose hyperparathyroidism, your healthcare provider will measure your calcium, vitamin D and PTH levels as well as your kidney function.
How do you treat hyperparathyroidism?
The treatment of hyperparathyroidism depends on various factors, including the severity of symptoms, underlying causes, and overall health status.
Treatment options may include:
- Observation: In mild cases of hyperparathyroidism without significant symptoms or complications, a watch-and-wait approach may be recommended, with regular monitoring of calcium levels and symptoms.
- Medications: Certain medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms and complications associated with hyperparathyroidism, such as bone pain, kidney stones, or gastrointestinal issues.
- Surgery: Surgical removal of the overactive parathyroid gland(s), known as parathyroidectomy , is often recommended for individuals with severe or symptomatic hyperparathyroidism or those at risk of complications such as kidney damage or osteoporosis.
If you're experiencing symptoms suggestive of hyperparathyroidism or have concerns about your calcium levels or overall health, it's essential to seek medical evaluation and guidance from a healthcare professional.