What is parathyroid cancer?
Parathyroid cancer is a rare type of cancer that affects the parathyroid glands, which are responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body. While parathyroid adenoma is a benign tumor causing overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), parathyroid cancer is associated with the uncontrolled growth and spread of cancerous cells.
Are there different types of parathyroid cancer?
Parathyroid cancer manifests in two types: one characterized by excessive PTH production, elevating blood calcium levels, and the other, non-functioning parathyroid carcinoma, where PTH and calcium levels remain normal. The latter is rare, accounting for less than 10% of cases.
Following diagnosis, further tests determine cancer localization, metastasis, or recurrence. Parathyroid cancer does not typically employ the four-stage naming convention common in other cancers.
What are some parathyroid cancer symptoms?
Parathyroid cancer can present itself with various symptoms, although some individuals may not experience any noticeable signs initially.
Common symptoms include:
- Persistent hypercalcemia: Elevated calcium levels in the blood, resulting in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, increased thirst and urination, and bone pain.
- Kidney stones or kidney damage: High levels of calcium in the bloodstream can increase the risk of developing kidney stones or lead to kidney damage over time.
- Bone pain or fractures: Parathyroid cancer can cause the bones to weaken due to excessive calcium loss, leading to bone pain, tenderness, or an increased risk of fractures.
- Gastrointestinal issues: Some individuals with parathyroid cancer may experience symptoms such as abdominal pain, constipation, or loss of appetite.
How do you treat parathyroid cancer?
Parathyroid cancer treatment typically involves surgical removal of the affected parathyroid gland(s) and surrounding tissues, known as en bloc resection. This extensive surgery aims to remove all cancerous tissue and reduce the risk of recurrence. In some cases, additional treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be recommended to target any remaining cancer cells or manage symptoms.
What causes parathyroid cancer?
The exact cause of parathyroid cancer is not always clear, although certain factors may increase the risk of developing this rare cancer, including:
- Genetic mutations: In some cases, parathyroid cancer may be associated with inherited genetic mutations, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) or hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome (HPT-JT).
- Radiation exposure: Previous radiation therapy to the head, neck, or chest area may increase the risk of developing parathyroid cancer.
- Age and gender: Parathyroid cancer is more common in older adults, particularly those over the age of 50, and tends to affect women slightly more often than men.
- Family history: A family history of parathyroid disorders or certain genetic syndromes, such as MEN1 or HPT-JT, may predispose individuals to develop parathyroid cancer.
Parathyroid cancer is a rare but serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment for optimal outcomes. If you're experiencing symptoms suggestive of hypercalcemia or have concerns about your parathyroid health, it's essential to seek medical evaluation and guidance from a healthcare professional. Remember, early detection, proper diagnosis, and timely intervention are key to effectively managing parathyroid cancer and ensuring the best possible prognosis.